5 Cybergenerations

First Generation Computers (1951-1958)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main logic elements; punched cards to input and externally store data; and rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions in a kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a compiler into machine language).

In addition, first-generation computers often broke down because of burned-out vacuum tubes.

First generation computers also needed many experts to operate them.

In 1945, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly developed the first operational electronic digital computer, called ENIAC, for US Army. ENIAC was over 1000 times faster than Mark 1, and could perform 5000 additions per second.

ENIAC had more than 1800 vacuum tubes, and took up to 1800 square feet of space. In addition, the electrical current ENIAC required could power more than a thousand modern computers. Today, ENIAC’s technology could fit in a modern wristwatch.

In 1951 the UNIVAC-1 became the first commercially available electronic computer. This computer was designed by Eckert and Mauchly (the designers of the ENIAC) and built by the Remington Rand corporation. The first of these computers was delivered to US. Census Bureau.

Between 1951 and 1953 magnetic core memory was developed. This memory consists of tiny ferrite “donuts” that were arranged on a lattice of wires. The polarity of their magnetization could be change or detected by passing current through the wires. This allowed each lattice point store one “bit” – either 0 or 1. Magnetic core memory was the fastest type of memory until the late 1980’s.

Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

In the 1940s, discovered that a class of crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor to replace vacuum tubes. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.

High-level programming languages (program instructions that could be written with simple words and mathematical expressions), like FORTRAN and COBOL, made computers more accessible to scientists and businesses.

instead of vacuum tubes, second generation computers used transistors an exiting new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor. A transistor is a small, solid-state component designed to monitor the flow of the electric current.

Transistor

nWere smaller, faster, cheaper, required less power, and produce less heat than vacuum tubes. In computers, a transistor functions as an electronic switch or bridge. Transistors play an important role in electronic circuits. Circuits help make up electronic systems, and electronic systems are what make electronic computing possible. Transistors allowed computers to communicate over telephone lines. The transistor gave way to the concept of parallel processor and multiprogramming.

1961 - Grace hopper, the woman that found the first computer bug, finishes developing COBOL.

1964 - Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), founded by Ken Olsen, release the first minicomputer, the PDP-8.


1965 - Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) as a computer language to help teach people how to program.

The THIRD GENERATION (1963-1974)

•Individual transistors were replace by integrated circuits.

•Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards.

•Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to new form, metal-oxide semiconductor.


Third-generation computers were built between 1963-1974.

In the third generation, computers relied on a new technology called the integrated circuits. The integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can hold many transistors and electronic circuits.

1959

Jack Kilby invented the monolithic integrated circuit which is still widely used in electronics system.

1968

Intel was founded by Robert Noyce. He is one of the inventors of the integrated circuit.

1969 - ARPANET is set-up. ARPANET later becomes the Internet.

1972 - The C programming language is developed at AT&T Bell Labs by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritche. The UNIX operating system, also written at Bell Labs, is rewritten using C.

The FOURTH GENERATION (1979)

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Intel Corporation designed the first tiny computer on a chip, it was called the microprocessor.
•Microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon.

1975

Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems or MITS produced the first PC. They named the computer kit Altair 8080, after the Star Trek episode, “A Voyage to Altair”.

•Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded the Microsoft.

•In April 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded APPLE COMPUTERS.

1978

VisiCalcis released. This is the first spreadsheet program and it made microcomputers useful to business.

1979 - The first microcomputer word processor, Word Star, is released.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientiets and being tested out in the laboratories. These computers will be under Artifical Intelligence(AI), They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Many of the operations which requires low human intelligence will be perfomed by these computers.

Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibiliy that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than thoes under central processing. Advances in Super Conductor technology will greatly improve the speed of information traffic. Future looks bright for the computers.